Calcilytic compounds

ABSTRACT

Novel calcilytic compounds are provided

This Appln is a 371 of PCT/US99/18377 filed Aug. 12, 1999 which claims benefit of Prov. No. 60/096,336 filed Aug. 12, 1998.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel calcilytic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and their use as calcium receptor antagonists.

In mammals, extracellular Ca²⁺ is under rigid homeostatic control and regulates various processes such as blood clotting, nerve and muscle excitability, and proper bone formation. Extracellular Ca²⁺ inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone (“PTH”) from parathyroid cells, inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts, and stimulates secretion of calcitonin from C-cells. Calcium receptor proteins enable certain specialized cells to respond to changes in extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration.

PTH is the principal endocrine factor regulating Ca²⁺ homeostasis in the blood and extracellular fluids. PTH, by acting on bone and kidney cells, increases the level of Ca²⁺ in the blood. This increase in extracellular Ca²⁺ then acts as a negative feedback signal, depressing PTH secretion. The reciprocal relationship between extracellular Ca²⁺ and PTH secretion forms an important mechanism maintaining bodily Ca²⁺ homeostasis.

Extracellular Ca²⁺ acts directly on parathyroid cells to regulate PTH secretion. The existence of a parathyroid cell surface protein which detects changes in extracellular Ca²⁺ has been confirmed. See Brown et al., Nature 366:574, 1993. In parathyroid cells, this protein, the calcium receptor, acts as a receptor for extracellular Ca²⁺, detects changes in the ion concentration of extracellular Ca²⁺, and initiates a functional cellular response, PTH secretion.

Extracellular Ca²⁺ influences various cell functions, reviewed in Nemeth et al., Cell Calcium 11:319, 1990. For example, extracellular Ca²⁺ plays a role in parafollicular (C-cells) and parathyroid cells. See Nemeth, Cell Calcium 11:323, 1990. The role of extracellular Ca²⁺ on bone osteoclasts has also been studied. See Zaidi, Bioscience Reports 10:493, 1990.

Various compounds are known to mimic the effects of extra-cellular Ca²⁺ on a calcium receptor molecule. Calcilytics are compounds able to inhibit calcium receptor activity, thereby causing a decrease in one or more calcium receptor activities evoked by extracellular Ca²⁺. Calcilytics are useful as lead molecules in the discovery, development, design, modification and/or construction of useful calcium modulators which are active at Ca²⁺ receptors. Such calcilytics are useful in the treatment of various disease states characterized by abnormal levels of one or more components, e.g., polypeptides such as hormones, enzymes or growth factors, the expression and/or secretion of which is regulated or affected by activity at one or more Ca²⁺ receptors. Target diseases or disorders for calcilytic compounds include diseases involving abnormal bone and mineral homeostasis.

Abnormal calcium homeostasis is characterized by one or more of the following activities: an abnormal increase or decrease in serum calcium; an abnormal increase or decrease in urinary excretion of calcium; an abnormal increase or decrease in bone calcium levels (for example, as assessed by bone mineral density measurements); an abnormal absorption of dietary calcium; an abnormal increase or decrease in the production and/or release of messengers which affect serum calcium levels such as PTH and calcitonin; and an abnormal change in the response elicited by messengers which affect serum calcium levels.

Thus, calcium receptor antagonists offer a unique approach towards the pharmacotherapy of diseases associated with abnormal bone or mineral homeostasis, such as hypoparathyroidism, osteosarcoma, periodontal disease, fracture healing, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia associated with malignancy and fracture healing, and osteoporosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises novel calcium receptor antagonists represented by Formula (I) hereinbelow and their use as calcium receptor antagonists which are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases associated with abnormal bone or mineral homeostasis, including but not limited to hypoparathyroidism, osteosarcoma, periodontal disease, fracture healing, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia associated with malignancy and fracture healing, and osteoporosis.

The present invention further provides a method for antagonizing calcium receptors in an animal, including humans, which comprises administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), indicated hereinbelow.

The present invention further provides a method for increasing serum parathyroid levels in an animal, including humans, which comprises administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), indicated hereinbelow.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The compounds of the present invention are selected from Formula (I) hereinbelow:

Formula (I)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and complexes thereof wherein:

n is an integer from 2 to 4;

X is selected from the group consisting of CN, NO₂, Cl, F, and H;

Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, F, Br, I and H;

Q and Z are, independently, selected from the group consisting of H, R₁, SO₂R₁′, R₁C(O)OR₁″, SO₂NR₁′R₁″, C(O)NR₁′R₁″, NR₁′SO₂R″₁, wherein R1, R₁′ and R₁″ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₅ alkenyl, C₂₋₅ alkynyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and aryl C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R₁′ and R₁″ together form a 3 to 7 membered optionally substituted heterocyclic ring; wherein any substituents are selected from the group consisting of CN, aryl, CO₂R, CO₂NHR, OH, OR, NH₂, halo, CF₃, OCF₃ and NO₂; wherein R represents H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl;

W is CH₂, O or NR₁; and

D is O or H, provided that at least one D is H.

As used herein, “A” is phenyl or naphthyl, unsubstituted or substituted with any substituents being selected from the group consisting of OH, halo, CO₂R₁, C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, OSO₂R₁, CN, NO₂, OCF₃, CF₃, and CH₂CF₃, (CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, (CH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, and O—(CH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 3 0-3 and R₁ represents C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or fused heteroaryl (wherein the hetero-ring can contain N, O or S and can be aromatic, dihydro or tetrahydro) unsubstituted or substituted with any substituents being selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, halo, CO₂R₁, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, CN, NO₂, OCF₃, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, (CH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁, and O—(CH₂)_(n)CO₂R₁.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group joined by single carbon-carbon bonds and having 1-20 carbon atoms joined together. The alkyl hydrocarbon group may be linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated. The substituents are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, N, S and O. Preferably, no more than three substituents are present. More preferably, the alkyl has 1-12 carbon atoms and is unsubstituted. Preferably, the alkyl group is linear. Preferably, the alkyl group is saturated.

As used herein “lower alkyl” refers to C₁₋₅

As used herein “cycloalkyl” refers to 3-7 membered carbocyclic rings

As used herein “heterocycloalkyl” refers to 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered heterocyclic rings containing 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N,O, and S.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to an optionally substituted aromatic group with at least one ring having a conjugated pi- electron system, containing up to two conjugated or fused ring systems. Aryl includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted.

The compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms. All of these compounds and diastereomers are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.

Preferred compounds of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of:

(R,S)-N-(4-Phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2-chloro-1-cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine; and

(R,S)-N-(4-phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2,3-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)morpholine.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic salts in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, hydrochloride, fumarate, maleate, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate. A preferred salt is a hydrochloride. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as hydrochloric acid, maleic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, fumaric acid, and quinic acid.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include basic addition salts such as those containing benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, alkylamine, and zinc, when acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic acid or phenol are present.

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) above which can be prepared using standard techniques. An overall strategy for preparing preferred compounds described herein can be carried out as described in this section. The examples which follow illustrate the synthesis of specific compounds. Using the protocols described herein as a model, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily produce other compounds of the present invention.

General Preparation

A general procedure used to synthesize many of the present compounds is described in Schemes 1 and 2. A solution of Boc-2-carboxymorpholine can be reduced with diborane solution in THF, the resulting alcohol, after treatment with 1 equivalent of NaH, can be reacted with an appropriately substituted arylfluoride such as 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile, to obtain the corresponding aryl ether. Removal of the Boc protecting group can be carried out under standard conditions (TFA/dichloromethane, or HCl/dioxane)(Scheme 1). After, neutralization, alkylation of the morpholino nitrogen can then be carried out by treatment with the appropriate alkyl halide or by reaction with the corresponding aldehyde under standard reductive amination conditions.

In addition, some of the described compounds can be synthesized as described in Scheme 2. Formation of the acid fluoride of Boc-2-carboxymorpholine under standard conditions (cyanuric fluoride, pyridine) was followed by coupling with the corresponding aniline, for example 2,3-dichloroaniline to yield the corresponding amide. The reaction sequence from this point can proceed as described for Scheme 1.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded at either 250 or 400 MHz using, respectively, a Bruker AM 250 or Bruker AC 400 spectrometer. CDCl₃ is deuteriochloroform, DMSO-d₆ is hexadeuteriodimethylsulfoxide, and CD₃OD is tetradeuteriomethanol. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (d) downfield from the internal standard tetramethylsilane. Abbreviations for NMR data are as follows: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, dd=doublet of doublets, dt=doublet of triplets, app=apparent, br=broad. J indicates the NMR coupling constant measured in Hertz. Continuous wave infrared (IR) spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 683 infrared spectrometer, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Impact 400 D infrared spectrometer. IR and FTIR spectra were recorded in transmission mode, and band positions are reported in inverse wavenumbers (cm⁻¹). Mass spectra were taken on either VG 70 FE, PE Syx API III, or VG ZAB HF instruments, using fast atom bombardment (FAB) or electrospray (ES) ionization techniques. Elemental analyses were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer 240C elemental analyzer. Melting points were taken on a Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. All temperatures are reported in degrees Celsius.

Analtech Silica Gel GF and E. Merck Silica Gel 60 F-254 thin layer plates were used for thin layer chromatography. Both flash and gravity chromatography were carried out on E. Merck Kieselgel 60 (230-400 mesh) silica gel. Analytical and preparative HPLC were carried out on Rainin or Beckman chromatographs. ODS refers to an octadecylsilyl derivatized silica gel chromatographic support. 5μ Apex-ODS indicates an octadecylsilyl derivatized silica gel chromatographic support having a nominal particle size of 5μ, made by Jones Chromatography, Littleton, Colo. YMC ODS-AQ® is an ODS chromatographic support and is a registered trademark of YMC Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan. PRP-1® is a polymeric (styrene-divinylbenzene) chromatographic support, and is a registered trademark of Hamilton Co., Reno, Nev.) Celite® is a filter aid composed of acid-washed diatomaceous silica, and is a registered trademark of Manville Corp., Denver, Colo.

The following examples are illustrative of the present invention but not intended to be limiting in any way.

EXAMPLE 1

Synthesis of (R,S)-N-(4-Phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2-chloro-1-cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine

a) Boc-2-Hydroxymethylmorpholine

To a cooled (0° C.) solution of Boc-2-carboxymorpholine (1.01 g, 4.3 mmol) in anhydrous THF under argon (25 mL) was added 10.8 mL of a 1M solution of diborane in THF. After stirring at room temperature overnight, methanol was added (10 mL) and the reaction was heated to reflux for 30 min. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with brine. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent was evaporated to yield a colorless liquid (1.2 g) that was used in the next step without further purification.

b) Boc-2-(3-chloro-2cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine

A THF solution (25 mL) of compound of Example 1(a) (1.2 g, 5.1 mmol) was added drop-wise to a NaH slur (143 mg, 5.9 mmol) in THF (5 mL) the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. and then 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile was added in THF. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight. After cooling the solvent was eliminated in vacuo, the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with diluted acid, and brine. The organic layer was dried MgSO₄ and the solvent was evaporated to yield liquid that was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to obtain 260 mg of the desired compound as a colorless liquid followed by 600 mg of recovered starting material. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): d 1.47 (s, 9H), 2.88-2.96 (m, 2H), 3.58 (ddd, J=11.8, 11.4, 2.9, 1H), 4.79-4.93 (m, 3H), 4.08-4.18 (m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.6, 8.2 Hz, 1H).

c) 2-(3-chloro-2cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine

230 mg(0.65 mmol) of the Boc protected amine from 1b was treated with 5 mL of 4M ^(HCl) solution in dioxane for 30 min. The solvent was eliminated and the residue was triturated with ether to obtain the title compound as a white solid (184 mg, 98%). MS (ES) m/e 253.1[M+H]⁺

d) (R,S)-N-(4-Phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2-chloro-1-cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine

The free amine from Example 1b (145 mg, 0.57 mmol), 4-phenyl-chlorobutane (96 mg, 0.57 mmol) and NaI (0.33 mg, 0.57 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight. After cooling to RT, the solvent was eliminated the residue was dissolved in Ethyl Acetate, washed with water. The organic layer was dried MgSO₄ and the solvent was evaporated to yield a yellow liquid that was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 5% Methanol/DCM) to obtain the title compound as a pale yellow liquid (77 mg, 35%). MS (ES) m/e 384.9.1[M+H]⁺

EXAMPLE 2

Synthesis of (R,S)-N-(4-phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2,3-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)morpholine

a) (R,S)-2-(2,3-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)-N-Boc-morpholine

(R,S) Boc-2-carboxymorpholine (1.0 g, 4.3 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). Pyridine (0.7 mL, 8.6 mmol) was added, followed by drop-wise addition of cyanuric fluoride (0.58 g, 4.3 mmol). The mixture stirred 2 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo, diluted with ethyl acetate washed with water. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent was evaporated to yield a colorless liquid that was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and added drop-wise to a solution containing 2,3-dichloroaniline (Aldrich) (0.7 g, 4.3 mmol) and pyridine (0.7 mL, 8.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT. The reaction was washed with cold 1N HCl (2×50 mL), 1 N NaOH (2×50 mL), brine (1×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a residue which was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound as a white solid (460 mg, 29%).

b) (R,S)-2-(2,3-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)-morpholine

The compound of example 2b (460 mg, 1.2 mmol) above was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and treated with 4.0 M HCl (2.2 mL, 8.8 mmol) in dioxane for 2 h. The mix was poured into 1N NaOH (40 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield the title compound (270 mg, 82%).

c) (R,S)-N-(4-phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2,3-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)morpholine

The compound from example 2b above (270 mg, 0.98 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL), 1-Chloro-4-phenylbutane (168 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 120° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixture was poured into 1 N NaOH (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 ml). The combined organic fractions were washed with water (3×75 mL), dried and concentrated in vacuo to give an orange-brown residue (122 mg). Prep TLC (silica gel, 50% EtOAc/hexane), yielded the title compound (15 mg, 3.7%). MS (ES) m/e 406.9[M+H]⁺

With appropriate manipulation and protection of any chemical functionality, synthesis of the remaining compounds of Formula (I) is accomplished by methods analogous to those above and to those described in the Experimental section.

In order to use a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of humans and other mammals, it is normally formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition.

The calcilytic compounds can be administered by different routes including intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, topical (transdermal), or transmucosal administration. For systemic administration, oral administration is preferred. For oral administration, for example, the compounds can be formulated into conventional oral dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, and liquid preparations such as syrups, elixirs, and concentrated drops.

Alternatively, injection (parenteral administration) may be used, e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous. For injection, the compounds of the invention are formulated in liquid solutions, preferably, in physiologically compatible buffers or solutions, such as saline solution, Hank's solution, or Ringer's solution. In addition, the compounds may be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms can also be produced.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives. In addition, detergents may be used to facilitate permeation. Transmucosal administration, for example, may be through nasal sprays, rectal suppositories, or vaginal suppositories.

For topical administration, the compounds of the invention can be formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams, as is generally known in the art.

The amounts of various calcilytic compounds to be administered can be determined by standard procedures taking into account factors such as the compound IC₅₀, EC₅₀, the biological half-life of the compound, the age, size and weight of the patient, and the disease or disorder associated with the patient. The importance of these and other factors to be considered are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Amounts administered also depend on the routes of administration and the degree of oral bioavailability. For example, for compounds with low oral bioavailability, relatively higher doses will have to be administered.

Preferably the composition is in unit dosage form. For oral application, for example, a tablet, or capsule may be administered, for nasal application, a metered aerosol dose may be administered, for transdermal application, a topical formulation or patch may be administered and for transmucosal delivery, a buccal patch may be administered. In each case, dosing is such that the patient may administer a single dose.

Each dosage unit for oral administration contains suitably from 0.01 to 500 mg/Kg, and preferably from 0.1 to 50 mg/Kg, of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, calculated as the free base. The daily dosage for parenteral, nasal, oral inhalation, transmucosal or transdermal routes contains suitably from 0.01 mg to 100 mg/Kg, of a compound of Formula(I). A topical formulation contains suitably 0.01 to 5.0% of a compound of Formula (I). The active ingredient may be administered from 1 to 6 times per day, preferably once, sufficient to exhibit the desired activity, as is readily apparent to one skilled in the art.

As used herein, “treatment” of a disease includes, but is not limited to prevention, retardation and prophylaxis of the disease.

Diseases and disorders which might be treated or prevented, based upon the affected cells, include bone and mineral-related diseases or disorders; hypoparathyroidism; those of the central nervous system such as seizures, stroke, head trauma, spinal cord injury, hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage, such as occurs in cardiac arrest or neonatal distress, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease, dementia, muscle tension, depression, anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and Tourette's syndrome; diseases involving excess water reabsorption by the kidney, such as syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and nephrosis; hypertension; preventing and/or decreasing renal toxicity from cationic antibiotics (e.g., aminoglycoside antibiotics); gut motility disorders such as diarrhea and spastic colon; GI ulcer diseases; GI diseases with excessive calcium absorption such as sarcoidosis; autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection; squamous cell carcinoma; and pancreatitis.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the present compounds are used to increase serum parathyroid hormone (“PTH”) levels. Increasing serum PTH levels can be helpful in treating diseases such as hypoparathyroidism, osteosarcoma, periodontal disease, fracture, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia malignancy and osteoporosis.

Another aspect of the present invention describes a method of treating a patient comprising administering to the patient an amount of a present compound sufficient to increase the serum PTH level. Preferably, the method is carried out by administering an amount of the compound effective to cause an increase in duration and/or quantity of serum PTH level sufficient to have a therapeutic effect.

In various embodiments, the compound administered to a patient causes an increase in serum PTH having a duration of up to one hour, about one to about twenty-four hours, about one to about twelve hours, about one to about six hours, about one to about five hours, about one to about four hours, about two to about five hours, about two to about four hours, or about three to about six hours.

In additional different embodiments, the compound administered to a patient causes an increase in serum PTH of up to two fold, two to five fold, five to ten fold, and at least 10 fold, greater than peak serum PTH in the patient. The peak serum level is measured with respect to a patient not undergoing treatment.

Composition of Formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are active when given orally can be formulated as syrups, tablets, capsules and lozenges. A syrup formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or salt in a liquid carrier for example, ethanol, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerine or water with a flavoring or coloring agent. Where the composition is in the form of a tablet, any pharmaceutical carrier routinely used for preparing solid formulations may be used. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, terra alba, talc, gelatin, acacia, stearic acid, starch, lactose and sucrose. Where the composition is in the form of a capsule, any routine encapsulation is suitable, for example using the aforementioned carriers in a hard gelatin capsule shell. Where the composition is in the form of a soft gelatin shell capsule any pharmaceutical carrier routinely used for preparing dispersions or suspensions may be considered, for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils, and are incorporated in a soft gelatin capsule shell.

Typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of a compound or salt in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous carrier optionally containing a parenterally acceptable oil, for example polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lecithin, arachis oil or sesame oil.

Typical compositions for inhalation are in the form of a solution, suspension or emulsion that may be administered as a dry powder or in the form of an aerosol using a conventional propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane.

A typical suppository formulation comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is active when administered in this way, with a binding and/or lubricating agent, for example polymeric glycols, gelatins, cocoa-butter or other low melting vegetable waxes or fats or their synthetic analogs.

Typical dermal and transdermal formulations comprise a conventional aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle, for example a cream, ointment, lotion or paste or are in the form of a medicated plaster, patch or membrane.

Preferably the composition is in unit dosage form, for example a tablet, capsule or metered aerosol dose, so that the patient may administer a single dose.

No unacceptable toxological effects are expected when compounds of the present invention are administered in accordance with the present invention.

The biological activity of the compounds of Formula (I) are demonstrated by the following tests:

(I) Calcium Receptor Inhibitor Assay

Calcilytic activity was measured by determining the IC₅₀ of the test compound for blocking increases of intracellular Ca²⁺ elicited by extracellular Ca²⁺ in HEK 293 4.0-7 cells stably expressing the human calcium receptor. HEK 293 4.0-7 cells were constructed as described by Rogers et al., J. Bone Miner. Res. 10 Suppl. 1:S483, 1995 (hereby incorporated by reference herein). Intracellular Ca²⁺ increases were elicited by increasing extracellular Ca²⁺ from 1 to 1.75 mM. Intracellular Ca²⁺ was measured using fluo-3, a fluorescent calcium indicator.

Cells were maintained in T-150 flasks in selection media (DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 200 ug/mL hygromycin B), under 5% CO₂:95% air at 37° C. and were grown up to 90% confluency. The medium was decanted and the cell monolayer was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) kept at 37° C. After the second wash, 6 mL of 0.0₂% EDTA in PBS was added and incubated for 4 minutes at 37° C. Following the incubation, cells were dispersed by gentle agitation. Cells from 2 or 3 flasks were pooled and pelleted (100×g). The cellular pellet was resuspended in 10-15 mL of SPF-PCB+ and pelleted again by centrifugation. This washing was done twice. Sulfate- and phosphate-free parathyroid cell buffer (SPF-PCB) contains 20 mM Na-Hepes, pH 7.4, 126 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, and 1 mM MgCl₂. SPF-PCB was made up and stored at 4° C. On the day of use, SPF-PCB was supplemented with 1 mg/mL of D-glucose and 1 mM CaCl₂ and then split into two fractions. To one fraction, bovine serum albumin (BSA; fraction V, ICN) was added at 5 mg/mL (SPF-PCB+). This buffer was used for washing, loading and maintaining the cells. The BSA-free fraction was used for diluting the cells in the cuvette for measurements of fluorescence. The pellet was resuspended in 10 mL of SPF-PCB+ containing 2.2 uM fluo-3 (Molecular Probes) and incubated at room temperature for 35 minutes. Following the incubation period, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation. The resulting pellet was washed with SPF-PCB+. After this washing, cells were resuspended in SPF-PCB+ at a density of 1-2×106 cells/mL. For recording fluorescent signals, 300 uL of cell suspension were diluted in 1.2 mL of SPF buffer containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 1 mg/mL of D-glucose. Measurements of fluorescence were performed at 37° C. with constant stirring using a spectrofluorimeter. Excitation and emission wavelengths were measured at 485 and 535 nm, respectively. To calibrate fluorescence signals, digitonin (5 mg/mL in ethanol) was added to obtain Fmax, and the apparent Fmin was determined by adding Tris-EGTA (2.5 M Tris-Base, 0.3 M EGTA). The concentration of intracellular calcium was calculated using the following equation:

Intracellular calcium=(F−F _(min) /F _(max))×K _(d);

where K_(d)=400 nM.

To determine the potential calcilytic activity of test compounds, cells were incubated with test compound (or vehicle as a control) for 90 seconds before increasing the concentration of extracellular Ca²⁺ from 1 to 2 mM. Calcilytic compounds were detected by their ability to block, in a concentration-dependent manner, increases in the concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺ elicited by extracellular Ca²⁺.

In general, those compounds having lower IC₅₀ values in the Calcium Receptor Inhibitor Assay are more preferred compounds. Compounds having an IC₅₀ greater than 50 uM were considered to be inactive. Preferred compounds are those having an IC₅₀ of 10 uM or lower, more preferred compounds have an IC₅₀ of 1 uM, and most preferred compounds have an IC₅₀ of 0.1 uM or lower.

(II) Calcium Receptor Binding Assay

HEK 293 4.0-7 cells stably transfected with the Human Parathyroid Calcium Receptor(“HuPCaR”) were scaled up in T180 tissue culture flasks. Plasma membrane is obtained by polytron homogenization or glass douncing in buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 3 mM MgCl₂) in the presence of a protease inhibitor cocktail containing 1 uM Leupeptin, 0.04 uM Pepstatin, and 1 mM PMSF. Aliquoted membrane was snap frozen and stored at −80° C. ³H labeled compound was radiolabeled to a radiospecific activity of 44 Ci/mmole and was aliquoted and stored in liquid nitrogen for radiochemical stability.

A typical reaction mixture contains 2 nM ³H compound ((R,R)-N-4′-Methoxy-t-3-3′-methyl-1′-ethylphenyl-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine), or ³H compound (R)-N-[2-Hydroxy-3-(3-chloro-2-cyanophenoxy)propyl]-1,1-dimethyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine 4-10 ug membrane in homogenization buffer containing 0.1% gelatin and 10% EtOH in a reaction volume of 0.5 mL. Incubation is performed in 12×75 polyethylene tubes in an ice water bath. To each tube 25 uL of test sample in 100% EtOH is added, followed by 400 uL of cold incubation buffer, and 25 uL of 40 nM ³H-compound in 100% EtOH for a final concentration of 2 nM. The binding reaction is initiated by the addition of 50 uL of 80-200 ug/mL HEK 293 4.0-7 membrane diluted in incubation buffer, and allowed to incubate at 4° C. for 30 min. Wash buffer is 50 mM Tris-HCl containing 0.1% PEI. Nonspecific binding is determined by the addition of 100-fold excess of unlabeled homologous ligand, and is generally 20% of total binding. The binding reaction is terminated by rapid filtration onto 1% PEI pretreated GF/C filters using a Brandel Harvestor. Filters are placed in scintillation fluid and radioactivity assessed by liquid scintillation counting.

Formulations for pharmaceutical use incorporating compounds of the present invention can be prepared in various forms and with numerous excipients. Examples of such formulations are given below.

Inhalant Formulation

A compound of Formula (I) (1 mg to 100 mg) is aerosolized from a metered dose inhaler to deliver the desired amount of drug per use.

Tablet Formulation

Tablets/Ingredients Per Tablet 1. Active ingredient 40 mg (Cmp. of Formula(I)) 2. Corn Starch 20 mg 3. Alginic acid 20 mg 4. Sodium Alginate 20 mg 5. Mg stearate 13 mg

Procedure for Tablet Formulation

Ingredients 1, 2, 3 and 4 are blended in a suitable mixer/blender. Sufficient water is added portion-wise to the blend with careful mixing after each addition until the mass is of a consistency to permit its conversion to wet granules. The wet mass is converted to granules by passing it through an oscillating granulator using a No. 8 mesh (2.38 mm) screen. The wet granules are then dried in an oven at 140° F. (60° C.) until dry. The dry granules are lubricated with ingredient No. 5, and the lubricated granules are compressed on a suitable tablet press.

Parenteral Formulation

A pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration is prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of a compound of Formula (I) in polyethylene glycol with heating. This solution is then diluted with water for injections (to 100 ml). The solution is then rendered sterile by filtration through a 0.22 micron membrane filter and sealed in sterile containers.

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound (R,S)-N-(4-Phenylbut-1-yl)-2-(2-chloro-1-cyanophenoxymethyl)morpholine; and.
 2. A method of antagonizing a calcium receptor which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 3. A method of treating a disease or disorder characterized by an abnormal bone or mineral homeostasis, which comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the bone or mineral disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteosarcoma, periodontal disease, fracture healing, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia, malignancy and osteoporosis.
 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the bone or mineral disease or disorder is osteoporosis.
 6. A method of increasing serum parathyroid levels which comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 